This interesting map is usually referred to as "the first scientific map of the Amazon." It shows the expedition in 1743-44 of Charles-Marie La Condamine, a French scientist and explorer. He provided the first scientific account of the Amazon, including notes on how the natives used curare for poison, and introduced rubber trees to Europe.
References: Mercator's World (May/June 1999) pp. 18-25; Portolan (#46 pp. 8-24).