This interesting map is usually referred to as "the first scientific map of the Amazon." It shows the expedition in 1743-44 of Charles-Marie La Condamine, a French scientist and explorer. His was the first scientific account of the Amazon, including notes on how the native used curare for poison, and the introduction of rubber trees to Europe.
References: Mercator's World (May/June 1999) pp. 18-25; The Portolan (#46 pp. 8-24).